小议容易被忽略的介词+名词表被动的含义

小议容易被忽略的介词+名词表被动的含义
刘红梅
（平凉一中，甘肃  平凉  744000）

摘  要：在普通高中课程标准实验教科书英语必修2  unit4的课后练习中有这样的例句：The wildlife here is under protection. The side effects of the new drug are under research.等句要求被改写成被动语态。英语中有些介词加上名词之后能表达被动意义，起着相当于进行时态被动语态的作用。在这种“介词+名词”的结构中所使用的名词，一般是由动词派生出来的，其意义相当于该名词的相应动词的被动形式。用上这些结构可使句子精炼、简洁，更符合英语表达习惯，而不是过多生硬地使用被动语态结构。多半情况下名词前往往不用修饰词，偶尔可用形容词或所有格修饰，不过，名词前一般不用冠词。但这一较高级的语言现象常被老师们在教学中忽略了，下面是英语中这一语言现象习惯使用的常用说法。
关键词：介词+名词；被动；含义

一、under + noun
    在这一结构中，under表示“在……过程”中，常与其搭配在一起的名词表进行时态的比较多，有under development, under repair, under control, under construction, under discussion, under consideration, etc. Examples as follows:
   How much money we should spend on endangered tiger is under discussion. That is to say, how much money we should spend on endangered tiger is being discussed.
 The request to fix an air-conditioner for each classroom and dormitory in southern universities is consideration. We can change the sentence into “The request is being considered.”
   I’m afraid that the road to WoLong Nature Reserve is under repair. Change it into passive voice “The road is being repaired.”
二、 in + noun
    在这一结构中，in 表示“在……过程中，或在……范围之内” 常见的搭配有in sight, in ruins, in print, in dispute, 等。例如：
  The travel brochure is not yet in print. =The travel brochure is not yet printed.
  My familiar village in the distance was in sight. = The village could be seen.
  The TV show in dispute causes many specialists attention. = The TV show being disputed causes many specialists attention.
三、 out of + noun
    在这一结构中，out of 表示“超出……之外” 常见的搭配有out of control, out of sight, out of research, 等。比如：
   The maglev train was out of control. 也就是说The maglev train can’t be controlled.
   Keep those medicines out of the children’s reach. 用生硬的被动语态则为Keep those medicines in the place where they can’t be reached by the children.
四、for + noun
    在这一结构中， for表示“为了”， 常见的习惯性搭配有for sale, for hire, for rent, 等等。例如：
   That apartment is for sale. 等于说 That apartment is to be sold.
   The store has fashion dresses for hire. 等于说 The store has fashion dresses which may be sold.
五、on + noun
    在这一结构中， 表示“在从事……中， 处于……情况中”。常见的搭配有on sale, on show, on display, on trial, on loan 等等。
Many newly-published books are on sale in the bookstore.改为被动语态则为 …books are being sold.
The local special products of the county will be on display at Guangzhou Fair this year. =The local special products of this county will be displayed at Guangzhou Fair this year.
John Smith was on trial for murder.=John Smith was being tried for murder.约翰. 史密斯因 谋杀而受审。
Today some of the mummies and treasures are on show in the museum.=Today some of the mummies and treasures are being showed.
六、beyond + noun
    在这一结构中，beyond表示“范围，限度的超出”， 常见的习惯搭配有beyond one’s imagination, beyond description, beyond comparison, beyond belief, beyond one’s comprehension 等等。例如：
The situation is beyond our control.
The bicycle is beyond repair.
The exercise is beyond comprehension of most of the class.
      The rumour is beyond belief.
七、above+noun
     在这一结构中，above表示“（品质、行为、能力等）超乎…之所及”。常见的有：above all praise（赞扬不尽），above reproach(无可指责)，等等。例如：
      He is above suspicion.
      Her manners are above reproach.           
 八、within+noun
      在这一结构中，within表示“在某人或某事的范围、限度之内”。常见的有：within sight（在视线之内），within one’s grasp（在可及范围之内），within one’s reach（在伸手可够得着的范围之内），等等。例如：
      The cathedral spire was within sight and we knew we had another few miles to go.
      I don’t think what the speaker said is within his audience’s grasp.
      There is a bell within the patient’s  reach.
       在授课过程中教材只是给老师提供了依据和平台，语言的学习和运用需要老师敏锐的语言感觉。英语中具有被动意义的“介词+名词”结构还有不少，笔者只是就这一语言点做一些整理和讲解，希望能对读者有些许帮助。